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        <item>
            <title>A evolução do automóvel</title>
            <link>https://www.h2brazil.com/parte-1/carro</link>
            <description>&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Para explicarmos como a evolução do automóvel afeta o desenvolvimento econômico humano, convidamos o leitor a se transportar ao passado. O objetivo deste capítulo é apresentar os avanços da indústria automobilística e como os problemas e as dificuldades relevantes ao desenvolvimento do automóvel foram superados ao longo da história. Faremos uma breve descrição do ciclo de produção destes meios de transporte percorrendo desde a escavação das jazidas de matérias primas até a produção do alumínio, aço e ferro necessários para a sua manufatura.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;O foco deste capítulo é descrever o processo de desenvolvimento tecnológico e alguns aspectos pitorescos e importantes da evolução dos automóveis que se desdobraram a partir da criação do primeiro motor a vapor de condensação por&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oxfordshireblueplaques.org.uk/blue-plaque-humphrey-gainsborough-1718-1776.aspx&quot; class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;color: blue !important; text-decoration: underline !important; cursor: text !important; &quot;&gt;Humphrey Gainsborough&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;em 1760. Gostaríamos de destacar que a desde o início da revolução industrial em 1750 aproximadamente 330 bilhões de toneladas de carbono foram lançadas na atmosfera. Devido em grande parte a diversas aplicações que interferem na cadeia de produção dos automóveis cujas finalidades serão discutidas mais a fundo no capítulo 3.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.h2brazil.com/resources/1915_Ford.jpg&quot; class=&quot;yui-img&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;yui-non&quot;&gt;Foto: Ford-T&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;</description>
            <pubDate>Mon, 31 Oct 2011 16:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>Breve história da evolução do automóvel</title>
            <link>https://www.h2brazil.com/parte-1/cap-tulo-1-a-evolu-o-do-autom-vel</link>
            <description>&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;color: rgb(192, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(192, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;1.1)&amp;nbsp; Breve história da evolução do automóvel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;






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&lt;p class=&quot;msonospacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Décadas
mais tarde em pleno andamento da revolução industrial, já na primeira
metade do século 19, surgiram os veículos que utilizavam a máquina a
vapor. Estes veículos eram muito pesados, lentos e barulhentos para se
deslocar de forma eficiente e caíram em desuso. Já na segunda metade do
século 19 surgiram os primeiros motores de combustão interna. Nestes
motores, o combustível queimava dentro de um cilindro e impulsionava um
pistão. A partir desta brilhante inovação, em pouco tempo, surgiram os
protótipos do veículo que pode ser considerado o primeiro modelo de
automóvel.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;yui-non&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;msonospacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Em seguida a empresa francesa Panhard et
Levassor, iniciou a sua própria produção e venda de veículos. Até que em 1892,
o visionário &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hfmgv.org/exhibits/hf/default.asp&quot; class=&quot;&quot;&gt;Henry Ford &lt;/a&gt;produziu
seu primeiro veículo em Detroit, no estado de Michigan nos Estados Unidos da
América. Ford tinha uma habilidade para a engenharia quando ele construiu um
carro experimental em 1896 com um motor de dois cilindros e potencial de 20 mph
(milhas por hora). Em 1899 ele deixou este trabalho, a fim de organizar a
Detroit Automobile Company&lt;a href=&quot;#_edn2&quot; name=&quot;_ednref2&quot; class=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[ii]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;textotxt1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;msonospacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;textotxt1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;







&lt;p class=&quot;msonospacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;textotxt1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Entre as muitas etapas
da evolução do automóvel atual destacam-se a criação do carro experimental
(quadricículo) seguida da fundação da &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ford.com/about-ford/company-information&quot; class=&quot;&quot;&gt;Ford Motor Company&lt;/a&gt;
em 16 de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Junho de 1903.&lt;span class=&quot;textotxt1&quot;&gt;
Henry Ford fundou a fabrica de automóveis que carregava o seu nome, com um
investimento de US$ 28.000 feito a partir de doze investidores e principalmente
os irmãos John e Horace Dodge que mais tarde ganharam notoriedade e criaram a
sua própria companhia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_edn3&quot; name=&quot;_ednref3&quot; class=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[iii]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;textotxt1&quot;&gt;. Ainda nesta &lt;/span&gt;década &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bosch&quot; class=&quot;&quot;&gt;Robert Bosh&lt;/a&gt; patenteou a
vela de ignição na Alemanha em 1902. Até que surgiu o primeiro veículo com um
radiador que não passaria por nenhuma transformação, este veículo tornou-se o
lendário Rolls Royce&lt;a href=&quot;#_edn4&quot; name=&quot;_ednref4&quot; class=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[iv]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;O primeiro veículo motorizado a ser produzido
com propósito comercial no mundo, foi um carro com apenas três rodas. Este
carro foi fabricado, em 1885, pelo alemão Karl Benz. Depois foram surgindo
outros modelos, vários deles com motores de dois tempos, como o primeiro
veículo criado por Gottlieb Daimler&lt;a href=&quot;#_edn1&quot; name=&quot;_ednref1&quot; class=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[i]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;msonospacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;msonospacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(192, 0, 0);&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;A primeira produção
da Ford foi em 1903&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;, o Modelo A, que vendeu 1.708
carros na primeira temporada e os modelos da Ford evoluíram até que chegassem
ao modelo do Ford T, ou Tin Lizzie (foto abixo) em 1909&lt;a href=&quot;#_edn5&quot; name=&quot;_ednref5&quot; class=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[v]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Cujos conceitos comerciais e a linha de produção acabariam revolucionando o
mundo. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;msonospacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.h2brazil.com/resources/1910Ford-T.jpg&quot; style=&quot;width: 157px; height: 123px;&quot; class=&quot;yui-img&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.h2brazil.com/resources/Timehenryford.jpg&quot; style=&quot;width: 95px; height: 123px;&quot; class=&quot;yui-img&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.h2brazil.com/resources/220px-Mr_and_Mrs_Henry_Ford_in_his_first_car.jpg&quot; class=&quot;yui-img&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; class=&quot;yui-wk-div&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sou&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;rce&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Wiki Commons a&lt;/span&gt;nd Time Magazine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;msonospacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;textotxt1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Em 1914, os irmãos
Dodge começaram com uma produção de peças depois desenvolveram sua própria
indústria automobilística. Dois anos depois, eles criaram o conceito que virou
moda e passou a ser usado com freqüência, de carroçaria toda em aço. Em 1916 o
preço de seus carros era de 785 dólares e a empresa era a quarta em total de
vendas nos Estados Unidos, com 70.700 carros vendidos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;msonospacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;textotxt1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Em apenas quatro anos
a Dodge tornou-se a segunda montadora em vendas globais e o modelo Dodge 4 era
o seu principal produto com 1.000 carros produzidos por dia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_edn6&quot; name=&quot;_ednref6&quot; class=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[vi]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;textotxt1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;. Nos anos 20, os irmãos faleceram e em 1928,
a Dodge Brothers foi vendida para &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19290107,00.html&quot; class=&quot;&quot;&gt;Walter Chrysler&lt;/a&gt;
por US$ 175.000.000, desde então ela passou a integrar a Chrysler Corporation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_edn7&quot; name=&quot;_ednref7&quot; class=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[vii]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Em 1906, a
empresa Rolls Royce Limited foi fundada por Henry Royce e Charles Rolls e em
1914, eles produziram o seu primeiro motor de avião. Cerca de metade dos
motores dos aviões usados pelos Aliados na I Guerra Mundial foram feitos pela
Rolls-Royce, e ao final de 1920, os motores aeronáuticos&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;&quot;&gt; já eram a maior parte do negócio da Rolls-Royce.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p class=&quot;msonospacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;msonospacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(192, 0, 0);&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Após a Primeira Guerra Mundial,&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt; os fabricantes partiram para uma
linha de produção mais barata, os automóveis tornaram-se mais compactos e foram
fabricados em série. O Ford-T tornou-se extremamente popular devido ao seu
preço de US$ 850, o tamanho do motor, velocidade e o consumo de combustível a
40 mph (milhas por hora) e entre 1908 e 1927, mais de 15 milhões de carros
foram fabricados pela Ford&lt;a href=&quot;#_edn8&quot; name=&quot;_ednref8&quot; class=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[viii]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Tanto Henry Ford, nos Estados Unidos, quanto Willian Morris, na Inglaterra, já detinham a tecnologia para produzir em serie os modelos como: o Ford-T, o Morris e o Austin, que, obtiveram vendas e produções históricas. Impressionados
com tais resultados as outras fábricas também começaram a produzir veículos em série. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Na década de 20, as manivelas de partida dos primeiros carros a gasolina &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;começaram a ser substituídas pelos motores de partida usando o sistema &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Bendix. T&lt;span class=&quot;textotxt1&quot;&gt;rês décadas mais tarde, a Mercedes lançava o primeiro auto&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;textotxt1&quot;&gt;móvel ligeiro a diesel. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;textotxt1&quot;&gt;Na seqüência o acionamento do carro passa a ser através do motor elétrico ligad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;textotxt1&quot;&gt;o por um botão que evoluiria para a chave de ignição que ainda existe at&lt;/span&gt;é&lt;span class=&quot;textotxt1&quot;&gt; hoje.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;textotxt1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(192, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Por norma de segurança, o tanque&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; passou para a parte de traz situado em um nível mais elevado do que o motor e até os anos de 1928 o combustível fluía por gravidade. Surgiram então os problemas da subida de ladeiras mais íngremes em que o desnível do tanque em relação ao motor deixava de existir e a gasolina não fluía, criou-se então a bomba da gasolina no tanque.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;textotxt1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(192, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Os pneus também obtiveram uma evolução&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; acentuada desde os de borracha maciça da época das carruagens até os atuais. Uma fato
interessante nos anos vinte &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;é&lt;span class=&quot;textotxt1&quot;&gt;
que em partes da Europa não havia a rede de estradas e muito menos a infra-estrutura de atendimento, assim sendo, o veículo partia com gasolina adicional armazenada em latões, água para repor no radiador, alimentos e etc. Como não existia o estepe, o recém criado pneu com câmera, ao furar exigia habilidade e criatividade do condutor e este pneu era varias vezes preenchido com capim.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;textotxt1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;textotxt1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Se continuarmos a descrição em detalhes da evolução do automóvel, escreveremos outro livro. Esse não é nosso objetivo, pelo menos neste momento. Para que o carro atual chegasse ao nível de conforto, simplicidade, segurança e manutenção relativamente fácil, foram necessários anos de aprimoramento. Os sistemas de motor, transmissão, freios, componentes elétricos, suspensão, direção, pneus, vidros e carroceria passaram por evoluções contínuas, assim como as linhas de montagem, as redes de distribuição e a comercialização. 

O sistema de abastecimento de postos provedores de combustível também passou por grandes evoluções, a tecnologia inicial usada nos postos de gasolina utilizava bombas de abastecimento que eram movidas à manivela com registrador mecânico. Nos anos 1920, 1930 e 1940, os caminhões-tanque que faziam a entrega de gasolina nos postos tinham correntes de aço presas ao tanque, as quais iam até o chão, se arrastando quando o caminhão entrava em movimento. A finalidade de tais correntes era descarregar a energia estática que se acumulava na carcaça e que já havia causado várias explosões e incêndios na hora de abrir a tampa do tanque para descarregar o combustível. Os erros e acertos desse processo evolutivo até chegar ao veículo atual constituem um exemplo crucial para a criação do carro moderno com baixas emissões.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;textotxt1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;textotxt1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(192, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Curiosidade sobre a segurança dos
 veiculo antigos versus novos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;textotxt1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Recentemente, foi conduzida uma experiência de colisão frontal entre dois carros da mesma capacidade, um foi fabricado nos anos 60, com os requisitos de segurança da época e possuía uma chaparia grossa pesando quase duas toneladas. O outro veiculo era uma modelo 2009 pesando pouco mais que uma tonelada com os requisitos de segurança atuais. O resultado é que os bonecos representativos dos passageiros do carro antigo sofreram danos considerados irreparáveis, enquanto que os do modelo atual sofreram danos considerados escoriações leves. Devido aos avanços tecnológicos que permitem a construção de chaparias mais leves, células de sobrevivência e air-bags, que fazem a diferença. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;textotxt1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Fonte: Jornal do Brasil, seção automóveis 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;yui-wk-div&quot;&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;

&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot; id=&quot;edn1&quot; class=&quot;yui-wk-div&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoEndnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ednref1&quot; name=&quot;_edn1&quot; class=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[i]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; Kimes, Beverly R. Pioneers, Engineers, And Scoundrels: The Dawn Of The Automobile In América. SAE International ISBN-10: 076801431X (2004) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot; id=&quot;edn2&quot; class=&quot;yui-wk-div&quot;&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ednref2&quot; name=&quot;_edn2&quot; class=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[ii]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;Bak, Richard. Henry and Edsel:
The Creation of the Ford Empire (2003)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot; id=&quot;edn3&quot; class=&quot;yui-wk-div&quot;&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ednref3&quot; name=&quot;_edn3&quot; class=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[iii]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;May, George S. A Most Unique Machine: The Michigan Origins of the American Automobile Industry Eerdman's, (1975).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot; id=&quot;edn4&quot; class=&quot;yui-wk-div&quot;&gt;

&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ednref4&quot; name=&quot;_edn4&quot; class=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[iv]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a&gt; Pugh, Peter. The Magic of a
Name: The Rolls-Royce Story The First 40 Years. Icon Books, &lt;/a&gt;&lt;a&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1840461519&quot; class=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;ISBN 1 84046 151 9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a&gt; (2000),&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a&gt; &lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot; id=&quot;edn5&quot; class=&quot;yui-wk-div&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoEndnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ednref5&quot; name=&quot;_edn5&quot; class=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[v]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; Ford, Henry; with Crowther,
Samuel. My Life and Work. Garden City Publishing Company, Inc, including ISBN
9781406500189. Garden City, New York, USA(1922).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot; id=&quot;edn6&quot; class=&quot;yui-wk-div&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoEndnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ednref6&quot; name=&quot;_edn6&quot; class=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[vi]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; Hyde, Charles K. The Dodge
Brothers: The Men, The Motor Cars, And The Legacy (Great Lakes Books). Wayne
State University Press (April 2005) ISBN-10: 0814332463.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a&gt; &lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot; id=&quot;edn7&quot; class=&quot;yui-wk-div&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoEndnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[vii]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; Courtesia de universidade de
Bryant University (projeto Chevrolet).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://web.bryant.edu/%7Eehu/h364proj/fall_97/lushing/Chevrolet.html&quot; class=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;edn8&quot; class=&quot;yui-wk-div&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoEndnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot; href=&quot;#_ednref8&quot; name=&quot;_edn8&quot; class=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[viii]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Nevins, Allan; Frank Ernest
Hill. Ford: The Times, The Man, The Company. New York: Charles Scribners' Sons
(1954).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</description>
            <pubDate>Mon, 31 Oct 2011 12:17:11 +0100</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>A fabricação do automóvel</title>
            <link>https://www.h2brazil.com/parte-1/1-2-a-fabrica-o-do-autom-vel-aug-11-2010-7-08-05-am-5</link>
            <description>






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&lt;!--StartFragment--&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;O automóvel se
tornou um dos maiores geradores de empregos e distribuição de renda na
atualidade. Se avaliarmos a cadeia de produção de um bem de consumo complexo
como o automóvel, podemos inferir que eles são uma valiosa fonte de empregos.
Porque precisam de mão de obra tanto na sua fabricação que envolve um grande
numero de fornecedores e componentes, quanto na mão de obra indireta relativa
nas áreas de análise de projetos, apoio, revendedores, testes de qualidade,
segurança, abastecimento e distribuição de combustíveis e etc. Depois de
pronto, o automóvel entra em circulação e continua a envolver um outro exército
de mão de obra, que são os mecânicos, eletricistas, lanterneiros, pessoal do
transporte e distribuição de combustíveis, taxistas&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;#_edn1&quot; name=&quot;_ednref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[i]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;



&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;A
cadeia produtiva é tão vasta que antes dos automóveis serem transformado em
máquina também temos que levar em consideração os fornecedores dos insumos
básicos para a &lt;a class=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;http://www.anfavea.com.br/anuario.html&quot;&gt;indústria automobilística&lt;/a&gt;. Destes destacaremos os setores da
metalurgia, as siderúrgicas e as fundições, já dentro do setor petrolífero,
abordaremos a extração, o refino e a distribuição dos combustíveis bem como os
empregos criados ao longo desta cadeia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-indent: -16.2pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;1.2&amp;nbsp; Tabela A)&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Cadeia de produção do automóvel&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; width: 775px; height: 1048px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 22.05pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 414.9pt; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; height: 22.05pt;&quot; width=&quot;415&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cadeia de Fornecedores / Tipo de
  Insumo (Exemplos)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 1in; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; height: 22.05pt;&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Nível&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 63.9pt; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;64&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Matéria- &lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;prima&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 1in; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Borracha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 1in; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Aço&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 1in; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Materiais não ferrosos &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;(Alumínio)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 63pt; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;63&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Dióxido de silício, Carbonato de sódio, Carbonato de
  cálcio&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 1in; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Petróleo e cana de açúcar &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 1in; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;PRODUTO BASE&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.9pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;64&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Peças &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Componentes múltiplos &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Componentes múltiplos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Componentes múltiplos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;63&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Vidros&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Sintéticos Plásticos &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Lubrificantes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 1in; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Nível 3, &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(ou nível 4)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;height: 28.35pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.9pt; height: 28.35pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;64&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conjuntos&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in; height: 28.35pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Acabamento (Pneus) Acessórios de fabrica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in; height: 28.35pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Acessórios&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;de fabrica diversos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in; height: 28.35pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Acessórios&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
  &lt;/span&gt;de fabrica diversos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt; height: 28.35pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;63&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Acessórios (espelhos, vidros)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in; height: 28.35pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Acessórios&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;de fabrica (para-choque)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 1in; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; height: 28.35pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Nível 2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;height: 53.55pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.9pt; height: 53.55pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;64&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sistemas&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in; height: 53.55pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Incluso no&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Veículo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in; height: 53.55pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Lataria,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Equip.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Eletrônicos,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Acabamento
  interno e externo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in; height: 53.55pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Lataria,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Sistemas e
  Equip. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Eletrônicos, Acabamento externo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt; height: 53.55pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;63&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in; height: 53.55pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Acabamento
  interno e externo, Equip.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 1in; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; height: 53.55pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Nível 1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;height: 22.9pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 63.9pt; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; height: 22.9pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;64&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Produto&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 351pt; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; height: 22.9pt;&quot; width=&quot;351&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Automóvel
  se torna o produto veiculo acabado&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 1in; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; height: 22.9pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Linha de Montagem da Montadora&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;height: 26.5pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;9&quot; style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 486.9pt; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; height: 26.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;487&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cadeia de fornecedores e
  serviços adicionais por tipo de produto&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;59&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Produtos&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;adicionais&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Acessórios adicionais&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;(vedações especiais)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;77&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Acessórios adicionais&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;(peito de ferro)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Acessórios adicionais&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;(calotas, tampa de capota)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;63&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Acessórios adicionais&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;(Vidro colorido)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Combustível&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;(Gasolina, diesel, gás natural e etanol)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 1in; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Lojas&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Adicionais e Revendedor&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;59&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Serviços &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Transporte até a loja, Peças p/ reposição &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Venda de Acessórios adicionais&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;77&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Transporte até a loja, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Peças p/ reposição, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Desenvolve a marca (equip)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Transporte até a loja, Peças p/ reposição, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Desenvolve a marca (equip)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;63&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Transporta-do até a loja,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Peças p/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;reposição&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Lubrificantes transportados até a posto, Desenvolve
  da marca (posto)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 1in; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Marketing da fabrica e das&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Redes de Concessio-nárias&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;59&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Produto final &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Vários modelos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;77&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Vários&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Vários &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;63&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Vários &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Vários &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 1in; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Distribuição e Vendas&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;

&lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;

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&lt;!--StartFragment--&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Na cadeia
produtiva as &lt;b style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 127, 64);&quot;&gt;matérias-primas (consideradas de baixo valor agregado)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 127, 64);&quot; tag=&quot;span&quot; class=&quot;yui-tag-span yui-tag&quot;&gt; -&lt;/span&gt; Incluem borracha, vidro, aço, plástico, derivados do petróleo e o
alumínio. Ao longo dos últimos anos, o custo das matérias-primas aumentou
significativamente, devido principalmente ao aumento do preço do petróleo e da
borracha natural. Além disso sempre que possível, as empresas estão usando o
alumínio e o plástico no lugar do aço, a fim de diminuir o peso dos automóveis,
o que melhora a eficiência do motor e reduz o consumo de combustível.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 127, 127);&quot; tag=&quot;span&quot; class=&quot;yui-tag-span yui-tag&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Peças,
conjuntos e sistemas (médio valor agregado) -&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;
Pára-brisas, bolsas de ar, auto falantes, GPS, entre outras são exemplos de
peças. Enquanto a indústria automobilística como um todo se tornou mais
consolidada, o setor de auto peças tende a permanecer fragmentado. Ele inclui
quatro principais sub-categorias: fabricantes de borracha (pneus e vedações),
equipamentos originais (como a Delphi e General Electric), fabricação de peças
de substituição e distribuição de peças de reposição. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(64, 64, 255);&quot; tag=&quot;span&quot; class=&quot;yui-tag-span yui-tag&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Linha de
montagem (médio valor agregado)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 191);&quot; tag=&quot;span&quot; class=&quot;yui-tag-span yui-tag&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(64, 64, 255);&quot; tag=&quot;span&quot; class=&quot;yui-tag-span yui-tag&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Devido à
combinação do aumento dos custos das matérias-primas e de pesquisa dos
consumidores eterna para com o menor preço, as empresas estão procurando
maneiras de cortar custos fora do processo de fabricação. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;As tendências
recentes de redução de custos incluem a utilização de menor número de peças em
cada componente do veículo, minimizando o desperdício e a redução da poluição
industrial. Com isso, as peças tem de ser entregues a fábricas de montagem em
uma base just-in-time.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 191);&quot; tag=&quot;span&quot; class=&quot;yui-tag-span yui-tag&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(64, 64, 255);&quot; tag=&quot;span&quot; class=&quot;yui-tag-span yui-tag&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;







&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 191);&quot; tag=&quot;span&quot; class=&quot;yui-tag-span yui-tag&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Marketing (Alto
valor agregado)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 191);&quot; tag=&quot;span&quot; class=&quot;yui-tag-span yui-tag&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 191);&quot; tag=&quot;span&quot; class=&quot;yui-tag-span yui-tag&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt; Marketing é uma parte integrante
da cadeia de valor, pois é uma das principais base para que o consumidores
perceba e aceite o valor do veiculo. Montadoras e concessionárias tendem a
trabalhar juntas para criar estratégias de marketing nacional, regional e
local. Estes podem incluir publicidade de rádio e televisão, mídia impressa e
ou on-line. Em 2005 por exemplo, a GM, gastou 67% mais em publicidade online do
que no ano anterior&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 127);&quot; tag=&quot;span&quot; class=&quot;yui-tag-span yui-tag&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Distribuição,
Vendas e Financiamentos (Alto valor agregado)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 127);&quot; tag=&quot;span&quot; class=&quot;yui-tag-span yui-tag&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 127);&quot; tag=&quot;span&quot; class=&quot;yui-tag-span yui-tag&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;
Depois de produção estar completa, os automóveis são enviados às
concessionárias de todo o mundo para serem revendidos. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;/div&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;

&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot; id=&quot;edn1&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoEndnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;#_ednref1&quot; name=&quot;_edn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 127);&quot; tag=&quot;span&quot; class=&quot;yui-tag-span yui-tag&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[i]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 127);&quot; tag=&quot;span&quot; class=&quot;yui-tag-span yui-tag&quot;&gt;Bardou; Jean-Pierre, Jean-Jacques Chanaron, Patrick
Fridenson, and James M. Laux. The Automobile Revolution: The Impact of an
Industry, University of North Carolina Press, 1982.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;
</description>
            <pubDate>Tue, 02 Aug 2011 22:41:46 +0100</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>A cadeia de suprimentos das montadoras</title>
            <link>https://www.h2brazil.com/parte-1/1-2-2-a-cadeia-de-suprimentos-das-montadoras</link>
            <description>&lt;meta name=&quot;Title&quot; content=&quot;&quot;&gt;
&lt;meta name=&quot;Keywords&quot; content=&quot;&quot;&gt;





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&lt;!--StartFragment--&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Durante anos, a
industria automobilística seguiu o modelo clássico de uma indústria orientada
pelo produtor. Mas nos últimos anos, desde a invenção do modelo japonês de
produção enxuta com a entrada do conceito &lt;i&gt;&quot;just in time&quot; &lt;/i&gt;a indústria
automobilística se tornou orientada pelo comprador. Com isso, os fabricantes de
automóveis tem investido em uma transição, as vezes lenta. Tal mudança de
comportamento por parte dos consumidores, refletiu em inúmeras perdas de venda
para indústria norte americana. A nova demanda dos clientes é impulsionada pelo
desejo de personalizar o design e a modelagem de seus veículos. Os efeitos
destas mudanças também são evidentes na forma como os novos modelos de carros
estão se tornando cada vez mais sucessíveis a personalizações vindas da fábrica
e não através de peças de reposição compradas na concessionária. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;1.2.2 A&amp;nbsp; Análise
Contemporânea da Cadeia Produtiva do Setor Automobilístico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;yui-img&quot; src=&quot;https://www.h2brazil.com/resources/Document6.png&quot; style=&quot;width: 662px; height: 372px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;






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&lt;!--StartFragment--&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; class=&quot;yui-wk-div&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Fonte: Dias, Galina e Silva Análise
Contemporânea da Cadeia Produtiva do Setor Automobilístico: Aspectos relativos à
Capacitação Tecnológica USP. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;yui-wk-div&quot;&gt;





&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Estas
características que sinalizam um movimento em direção ao Model Driven (para os
consumidores) são mais evidentes em países que têm uma maior utilização de
veículos de passageiros, tais como os E.U.A. onde o mercado para novos clientes
ficou saturado e o país se tornou um mercado de reposição. Com a chegada da economia
global e da livre concorrência as grandes empresas da indústria automobilística
começaram a se desintegrar. A concorrência acirrada passou a exigir que as
empresas focassem cada vez mais nas suas competências essenciais com a falta de
competitividade de certos fornecedores estas passaram a terceirizar, ou mesmo
re-alocar parte de sua cadeia produtiva off-shore (fabricada em outro país).
Por outro lado, os consumidores dos países que estão sendo introduzidos ao
conceito de veículos de passageiros pela primeira vez, como na China e a Índia
não precisam de uma infinidade de escolhas. Mas mesmo assim, em todos os
mercados a preocupação&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13px;&quot; tag=&quot;span&quot; class=&quot;yui-tag-span yui-tag&quot;&gt; com a eficiência&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13px;&quot; tag=&quot;span&quot; class=&quot;yui-tag-span yui-tag&quot;&gt; energética e o rendimento do motor por
litro de combustível ainda é o maior desafio desta industria. Por isso a&amp;nbsp; aplicando-se&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13px;&quot; tag=&quot;span&quot; class=&quot;yui-tag-span yui-tag&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;life cycle tools&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;#_edn1&quot; name=&quot;_ednref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[i]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13px;&quot; tag=&quot;span&quot; class=&quot;yui-tag-span yui-tag&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13px;&quot; tag=&quot;span&quot; class=&quot;yui-tag-span yui-tag&quot;&gt;1.2.2 B &amp;nbsp; Exemplo do consumo de car&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;vão&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;yui-wk-div&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; class=&quot;yui-wk-div&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;yui-img&quot; src=&quot;https://www.h2brazil.com/resources/Document5.png&quot; style=&quot;width: 551px; height: 410px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; class=&quot;yui-wk-div&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Fonte: OECD / WEO 2008&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 14px; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 14px; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot; tag=&quot;span&quot; class=&quot;yui-tag-span yui-tag&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Mais adiante iremos nos
referir a esta cadeia produtiva para descrever os tipos de emissões de CO2 que
existem ao longo do processo de produção e uso de cada veículo. Bem como a
extração, o refino e a distribuição e os empregos criados ao longo desta cadeia.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;

&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;

&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot; href=&quot;#_ednref1&quot; name=&quot;_edn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;edn1&quot; class=&quot;yui-wk-div&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;yui-wk-div&quot;&gt;

&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;#_ednref1&quot; name=&quot;_edn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;[i]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;http://www.forrester.com/Research/Document/Excerpt/0,7211,37653,00.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The Changing
Face of Application Lifecycle Management&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; by Carey Schwaber,
Forrester Research, Inc. August 2006.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;edn1&quot; class=&quot;yui-wk-div&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 14px; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 14px; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot; tag=&quot;span&quot; class=&quot;yui-tag-span yui-tag&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;
</description>
            <pubDate>Tue, 02 Aug 2011 22:41:59 +0100</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>A siderurgia e o carvão mineral</title>
            <link>https://www.h2brazil.com/parte-1/1-2-3-a-siderurgia-e-o-carv-o-mineral</link>
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&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;A produção brasileira de aço está em torno de 33 milhões de toneladas/ano com um número de empregos diretos em torno de 116 mil&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot; href=&quot;#_edn1&quot; name=&quot;_ednref1&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[i]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;.
Já a produção mundial de aço está em torno de 1,3 bilhões toneladas/ano. Com isso, o número de empregos indiretos incluindo desde a mineração das matérias primas básicas até as metalúrgicas de transformação e as redes de
comercialização destes produtos é extenso. Os maiores clientes desta produção são: a indústria automobilística e a da construção civil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;


&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 14px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67);&quot;&gt;1.2.3. A)&amp;nbsp; Produção de carvão mineral mundial (oferta)
- (2008)&lt;/b&gt; &lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table style=&quot;width: 3.7in; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: yui-tmp;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;266&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 113.4pt; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;&quot; width=&quot;113&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;País&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 153pt; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;&quot; width=&quot;153&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Produção&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;113&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;PR China&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 153pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;153&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;2761Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;113&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;USA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 153pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;153&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;1007Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;113&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Índia &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 153pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;153&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;490Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;113&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Austrália &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 153pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;153&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;325Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;113&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Rússia &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 153pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;153&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;247Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;113&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Indonésia &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 153pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;153&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;246Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;113&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;África do Sul&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 153pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;153&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;236Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;113&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Kazakhstan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 153pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;153&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;104Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;113&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Polônia &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 153pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;153&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;84Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;113&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Colômbia &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 153pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;153&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;79Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Fonte: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), British
Petroleum (BP), World Steel Association, SSY, WEC (e = estimado) (Mt = Million
tonnes) Top Hard Coal Producers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;No ano de 2009
devido aos reflexos da crise mundial vários países produtores tiveram
decréscimo em sua produção exceto a China, a Índia, a Coréia do Sul e Turquia.
De acordo com o boletim estatístico do Inst. Brás. de Siderurgia (IBS) a China
devera atingir no próximo ano 40% da produção mundial de aço&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;#_edn2&quot; name=&quot;_ednref2&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[ii]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Atualmente a sua produção já ultrapassou a barreira dos 500 milhões de
toneladas/ano. No início dos anos 90 a China produzia menos que o Brasil. Mas,
este crescimento recente está diretamente ligado a demanda do setor
automobilístico interno Chinês. Como vimos no gráfico 1.3.B deste capítulo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 14px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67);&quot;&gt;1.2.3. B) &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;Principais exportadores de carvão - (2008e)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; font-family: yui-tmp;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 90.9pt; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;País&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 1.25in; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;&quot; width=&quot;90&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Total &lt;i&gt;of which&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 76.5pt; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;&quot; width=&quot;77&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Steam&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 1in; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Coking&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Austrália &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;&quot; width=&quot;90&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;252Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;77&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;115Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;137Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Indonésia &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;&quot; width=&quot;90&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;203Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;77&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;173Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;30Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Rússia &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;&quot; width=&quot;90&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;101Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;77&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;86Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;15Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Colômbia &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;&quot; width=&quot;90&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;74Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;77&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;74Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;USA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;&quot; width=&quot;90&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;74Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;77&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;35Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;39Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;África do Sul&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;&quot; width=&quot;90&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;62Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;77&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;61Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;1Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;PR China&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;&quot; width=&quot;90&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;47Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;77&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;43Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;&quot; width=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;4Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Fonte: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), British
Petroleum (BP), World Steel Association, SSY, WEC (e = estimado) (Mt = Million
tonnes) Top Coal Exporters&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Abaixo podemos ver
um fluxograma de materiais de uma usina siderúrgica integrada. A produção parte
do minério com os fundentes&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;#_edn3&quot; name=&quot;_ednref3&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[iii]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
e o carvão a ser coqueificado na coqueria&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[1]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Levados ao Alto Forno para gerar o ferro gusa (primário) que d&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(45, 45, 45);&quot;&gt;epois de passar
pela aciaria e lingotamento&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(45, 45, 45);&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[2]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(45, 45, 45);&quot;&gt;
irá ser transformado nos produtos finais, placas, chapas e vergal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(45, 45, 45);&quot;&gt;hões.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p class=&quot;style3&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(45, 45, 45);&quot;&gt;Em 2008, 29% da energia primária consumida no mundo provinha do carvão, cujo consumo mundial é de pouco mais de 7 bilhõe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(45, 45, 45);&quot;&gt;s de t&lt;/span&gt;oneladas por ano (7.238.208,000&lt;span class=&quot;headtext&quot;&gt; toneladas por ano), deste consumo a China e responsável por uma demanda de 2.829.515,000 toneladas por ano e os Estado Unidos &lt;/span&gt;1.121.714&lt;span class=&quot;headtext&quot;&gt;,000 toneladas por ano (dados disponíveis no site da &lt;/span&gt;U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA)&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt; &lt;a class=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;#_edn4&quot; name=&quot;_ednref4&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[iv]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;headtext&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt; O consumo de carvão mineral na China dobrou em 6 anos. Os Estados Unidos são o segundo maior consumidor de carvão do mundo, seguido da
Índia, Japão, África do Sul e Rússia. Estes sete países respondem por praticamente três quartos do consumo mundial de carvão. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;style3&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;color: rgb(67, 67, 67); font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(67, 67, 67); font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;1.2.3 D) Consumo de carvão mineral importado
(demanda) - (2008e)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; font-family: yui-tmp;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 19.3pt;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 95.4pt; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; height: 19.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;País&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 63pt; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; height: 19.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;63&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Total&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 94.5pt; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; height: 19.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Usado para ‘Steam’&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 94.5pt; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; height: 19.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Usado para o ‘Coking’&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Japão&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;&quot; width=&quot;63&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;186Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;128Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;58Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Coréia do Sul&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;&quot; width=&quot;63&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;100Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;76Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;24Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Taiwan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;&quot; width=&quot;63&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;66Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;60Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;6Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Índia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;&quot; width=&quot;63&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;60Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;31Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;29Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Alemanha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;&quot; width=&quot;63&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;46Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;37Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;9Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;China&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;&quot; width=&quot;63&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;46Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;35Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;11Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Reino Unido&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;&quot; width=&quot;63&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;44Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;37Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;7Mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Fonte: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Fonte: U.S.
Energy Information Administration (EIA), BP, World Steel Association, SSY, WEC
(e = estimado) (Mt = Million tonnes) &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 14px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67);&quot;&gt;1&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(67, 67, 67);&quot;&gt;.2.3. E) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;color: rgb(67, 67, 67);&quot;&gt;Consumo de carvão mineral como fonte de energia elétrica primaria&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; font-family: yui-tmp;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 20.65pt;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 1.7in; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; height: 20.65pt;&quot; width=&quot;122&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;País&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;style3&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 3.25in; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; height: 20.65pt;&quot; width=&quot;234&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p class=&quot;style3&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Percentual
 de energia gerada com carvão&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;&quot; width=&quot;122&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;África do Sul&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.25in;&quot; width=&quot;234&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;94%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;&quot; width=&quot;122&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Polônia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.25in;&quot; width=&quot;234&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;93%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;&quot; width=&quot;122&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;China&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.25in;&quot; width=&quot;234&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;81%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;&quot; width=&quot;122&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Austrália&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.25in;&quot; width=&quot;234&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;76%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;&quot; width=&quot;122&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Israel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.25in;&quot; width=&quot;234&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;71%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;&quot; width=&quot;122&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Kazakhstan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.25in;&quot; width=&quot;234&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;70%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;&quot; width=&quot;122&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Índia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.25in;&quot; width=&quot;234&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;68%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;&quot; width=&quot;122&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Republica Checa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.25in;&quot; width=&quot;234&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;62%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;&quot; width=&quot;122&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Marrocos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.25in;&quot; width=&quot;234&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;57%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;&quot; width=&quot;122&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Grécia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.25in;&quot; width=&quot;234&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;55%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;&quot; width=&quot;122&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;USA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.25in;&quot; width=&quot;234&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;49%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;&quot; width=&quot;122&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Alemanha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.25in;&quot; width=&quot;234&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;49%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Fonte: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), British
Petroleun, World Steel Association, WEC (e = estimado) (Mt = Million tonnes) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Como descrevemos acima a demanda por carvão mineral continuará representando um alto percentual do consumo mundial deste, devido ao atual crescimento econômico de paises
populosos como a China e a Índia. O consumo per capta dos Estado Unidos é de 2 toneladas/habitante/ano, o mais elevado dentro do ranking das nações. Já o consumo da China é de 1 tonelada /habitante /ano e do Japão 0,9 tonelada/habitante/ano.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(192, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Como resultado
podemos apresentar o seguinte ranking de emissões:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;De acordo com o Centro para a Informação e Analise do Dióxido de Carbono (CDIAC), as emissões mundiais de CO2 estão atualmente na média de 8,2 bilhões de tonelada/ano&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;#_edn5&quot; name=&quot;_ednref5&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[v]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
A China apresentou um crescimento de 80% das suas emissões de CO2 desde o inicio do século 21 em função do aumento do consumo dos combustíveis fósseis. O que perfaz uma emissão anual de 1,7 bilhões de toneladas, superando assim os
Estados Unidos como o maior emissor de CO2. Já a emissão atual de CO2 dos Estado Unidos se encontra na faixa de 1,6 bilhões de tonelada/ano.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;t1&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;No Brasil, as emissões de CO2 do Brasil estão atualmente na faixa de 98 milhões de toneladas/ano, com um índice per capita de 0,5 toneladas/ano, bem
abaixo da media mundial que é de 1,25 toneladas/ano. Dentro destas emissões de CO2 no Brasil, os combustíveis líquidos representam 67 %, o carvão 13% (térmicas e Siderurgia), gás natural 14 %&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;#_edn6&quot; name=&quot;_ednref6&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[vi]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;De acordo com o relatório anual do Instituto Brasileiro de Siderurgia e o livro Estudo setorial da Siderurgia do Prof. José C. D’Abreu. Existem vários aspectos particulares dentro da Indústria Siderúrgica no Brasil e as principais metas relacionadas ao meio ambiente são:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;- Criar mecanismos para aumentar a reciclagem dos resíduos (sólidos, efluentes&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[3]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; entre outros).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;- Desenvolver projetos que reduzam a emissão de gases de efeito estufa e outros poluentes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;- Reaproveitar os outros resíduos com algum poder calorífico na co-geração de energia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;- Reaproveitar ao máximo a água industrial.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;A média de consumo de água no setor de siderurgia equivale a cerca de 11,5 m³ por tonelada de aço. De acordo com uma entrevista de 2009 com Érico Sommer o gerente de Energia, Meio Ambiente e Engenharia da Gerdau, na empresa que é uma das maiores produtoras de aço do Brasil, este índice de reaproveitamento gira em torno de 97,5% da água captada. “O reuso só não é maior porque ocorrem perdas com evaporação no processo”, diz ele. Neste caso o reaproveitamento da água trouxe uma economia de custos fixos
de 40% a 50%, relativos aos gastos financeiros com este insumo&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;#_edn7&quot; name=&quot;_ednref7&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[vii]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;No Brasil, o consumo de carvão
mineral (transformado em coque&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[4]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;)
como combustível para o Alto Forno, é comparável aos melhores resultados obtidos nos países desenvolvidos, e o carvão mineral usado na nossa matriz é praticamente todo importado de parceiros como a Austrália, África do Sul, EUA,
inclusive a China. Vemos que mesmo assim, o padrão de consumo de coque nas Siderúrgicas do Brasil é comparável aos melhores resultados de qualidade obtidos nos países desenvolvidos. Dessa forma a tendência é uma menor emissão
de GEE na atmosfera.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;br&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;

&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[1]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt; A Coqueria é o conjunto de fornos que
transformam o carvão mineral em coque (e o tipo de carvão que será usado como
combustível no auto forno).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[2]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt; Transformação do aço liquido em placas
chamadas lingotes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[3]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt; Efluentes, descarte dos resíduos não
aproveitados da indústria. &lt;span style=&quot;background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[4]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt; Coque começou a ser utilizado na
Inglaterra do século XVII e é uma variedade de combustível derivado do carvão betuminoso. O coque obtém-se do aquecimento da hulha (ou carvão betuminoso), sem combustão, num recipiente fechado. Pode ser utilizado na produção de ferro gusa (alto forno), sendo adicionado junto com a carga metálica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;

&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot; id=&quot;edn1&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoEndnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;#_ednref1&quot; name=&quot;_edn1&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoEndnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[i]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt; Instituto Brasileiro de Siderurgia &lt;a class=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;http://www.acobrasil.org.br/site/portugues/numeros/estatisticas.asp&quot;&gt;http://www.acobrasil.org.br/site/portugues/numeros/estatisticas.asp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot; id=&quot;edn2&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoEndnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;#_ednref2&quot; name=&quot;_edn2&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoEndnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[ii]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt; Instituto Brasileiro de Siderurgia
http://www.acobrasil.org.br/site/portugues/aco/index.asp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot; id=&quot;edn3&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoEndnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;#_ednref3&quot; name=&quot;_edn3&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoEndnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[iii]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt; Fundentes, significa a substancia usada para
a separação do minério de ferro das impurezas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot; id=&quot;edn4&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoEndnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;#_ednref4&quot; name=&quot;_edn4&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoEndnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[iv]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt; U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=1&amp;amp;pid=1&amp;amp;aid=2&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=1&amp;amp;pid=1&amp;amp;aid=2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot; id=&quot;edn5&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoEndnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;#_ednref5&quot; name=&quot;_edn5&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoEndnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[v]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt; CDIAC - &lt;a class=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ndps/db1013_v2009.html&quot;&gt;http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ndps/db1013_v2009.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoEndnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot; id=&quot;edn6&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoEndnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot; href=&quot;#_ednref6&quot; name=&quot;_edn6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[vi]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt; De acordo com os dados do CDIAC - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot; href=&quot;http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ndps/db1013_v2009.html&quot;&gt;http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ndps/db1013_v2009.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;edn7&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoEndnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot; href=&quot;#_ednref7&quot; name=&quot;_edn7&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[vii]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11px;&quot;&gt; Jornal Estadão &lt;a class=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/vidae,industria-reduz-custos-com-reuso,342625,0.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/vidae,industria-reduz-custos-com-reuso,342625,0.htm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ndps/db1013_v2009.html&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;edn6&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;</description>
            <pubDate>Tue, 02 Aug 2011 22:42:13 +0100</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>O carvão vegetal</title>
            <link>https://www.h2brazil.com/parte-1/1-2-4-o-carv-o-vegetal</link>
            <description>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;A produção de ferro gusa&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;#_edn1&quot; name=&quot;_ednref1&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[i]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
a partir do alto forno abastecido com carvão vegetal também é uma peculiaridade
do Brasil. Das 12 milhões de toneladas de ferro gusa&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[1]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
produzidas por ano nestes altos fornos 15 % são de usinas integradas que o
utilizam para fabricação dos seus produtos finais, como vergalhões, tubos e
etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Os 85% restantes são de produtores
independentes que os vendem para fundições e principalmente para exportações,
neste caso trata-se portanto de um produto de baixo valor agregado. Sendo que
80% destes produtores independentes produzem o carvão vegetal através da
madeira retirada de florestas nativas e utilizam fornos do tipo rabo
quente ou circular. Estes fornos rústicos, além de não aproveitar os
subprodutos da queima desta madeira, causam uma poluição do meio ambiente,
porque estes tipos de processo utilizam uma técnica ultrapassada)&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;#_edn2&quot; name=&quot;_ednref2&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[ii]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Além deste problema a queima de madeira ilegal perpetua um tipo de Mão de Obra,
cuja ocupação é considerada de subemprego, que não agrega valor a comunidade
local.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;color: rgb(192, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;1.2.4 A&amp;nbsp; Dois exemplos de carvoaria irregular&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;yui-img&quot; src=&quot;https://www.h2brazil.com/resources/CarvoariaIrregular-MarcoEvangelista.jpg&quot; style=&quot;width: 325px;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;yui-img&quot; src=&quot;https://www.h2brazil.com/resources/CarvoariaWilsonDiasAgenciaBrasil.jpg&quot; style=&quot;width: 306px; height: 138px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Fonte: Wikimedia (foto 1) Marco Evangelista&amp;nbsp; e (foto 2) Wilson Dias &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Conforme dados de 2009,
provenientes do livro &lt;a style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp; font-size: 14px;&quot; class=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;http://www.metalica.com.br/livro-reune-indicadores-tecnologicos-da-siderurgia&quot;&gt;Estudo Setorial da Siderurgia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.h2brazil.com/resources/ferrogusa.jpg&quot;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;do Prof. D’Abreu, o custo
do carvão oriundo do reflorestamento é próximo ao do coque, enquanto o carvão
proveniente de uma mata nativa é oferecido pela metade do preço. A produção da
região norte do Brasil corresponde a aproximadamente 35 % da produção de ferro
gusa de origem vegetal do país. A maior parte do carvão utilizado na produção
desta região é oriundo do desmatamento da floresta amazônica e a quase
totalidade da produção de ferro gusa e destinada a exportação.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;O consumo médio do carvão vegetal
destes produtores independentes de ferro gusa se situa na faixa de 670 kg/ toneladas de ferro gusa produzido. O ferro gusa oriundo do carvão vegetal, tem um baixo teor de impurezas (como o enxofre e outras) que lhe confere uma boa
qualidade para uso na fabricação de ferros especiais utilizados na fundição de determinados produtos como blocos de motor, sapatas de freio, discos de freio, eixos e etc. Esta é uma das razões pela qual empresas estrangeirais tem muito
interesse no &lt;a&gt;ferro gusa&lt;/a&gt; produzido no Brasil com carvão vegetal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;O desenvolvimento de &lt;i&gt;processos de redução direta&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;, estão em alguns casos em fase de teste industrial e outros já estão em operação e podem reduzir substancialmente o consumo seja do coque&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;ou do carvão vegetal na produção do ferro gusa. Isto resultaria em um grande avanço na redução das emissões de gases de efeito estufa e na preservação do meio ambiente. A &lt;a class=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;http://www.vale.com/pt-br/sustentabilidade/relacionamento-com-comunidades/paginas/default.aspx&quot;&gt;Cia Vale do Rio Doce&lt;/a&gt;, por exemplo, já adquiriu os direitos em desenvolver um processo de redução direta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;v:shapetype id=&quot;_x0000_t202&quot; coordsize=&quot;21600,21600&quot; o:spt=&quot;202&quot; path=&quot;m0,0l0,21600,21600,21600,21600,0xe&quot;&gt; &lt;v:stroke joinstyle=&quot;miter&quot;&gt;&lt;v:path gradientshapeok=&quot;t&quot; o:connecttype=&quot;rect&quot;&gt;&lt;/v:path&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_s1026&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t202&quot; style=&quot;position: absolute; margin-left: -4.95pt; margin-top: 140.1pt; width: 481.05pt; height: 215.1pt; z-index: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:textbox&gt;&lt;!--[if !mso]--&gt;
 &lt;/v:textbox&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/v:stroke&gt;&lt;/v:shapetype&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;
&lt;!--StartFragment--&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;O carvão vegetal é um biocombustível sólido e no Brasil o seu maior consumidor é o setor siderúrgico. Com a finalidade de se tornar uma atividade sustentável a produção deste biocombustível deve seguir parâmetros de replantio ordenado e transformação da madeira em carvão em fornos apropriados de forma a obter um melhor rendimento por área plantada, por peso, não emissão do gás metano, ausência da emissão de outros gases e redução na geração de finos de carvão.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Com a finalidade de desestimular o desmatamento de mata nativa para uso final na produção do carvão vegetal, novas técnicas e estratégias de reflorestamento tem sido
incentivadas como solução para evitar o desmatamento. Uma atenção especial deve ser dada ao reflorestamento planejado para produção do carvão vegetal. A maioria das grandes siderúrgicas do Brasil apresenta resultados nos quesitos relativos ao meio ambiente comparável às melhores da Europa e do Japão.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Ainda no setor metalúrgico poderíamos citar o alumínio que é bastante utilizado na confecção de peças para
os veículos automotores. Cabeçotes dos motores, carcaça de caixas... É um metal que demanda uma enorme quantidade de energia elétrica para ser produzido e a emissão de gases do efeito estufa fica por conta desta energia elétrica (no
mundo todo, onde se produzir alumínio)&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;#_edn1&quot; name=&quot;_ednref1&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[i]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;

&lt;!--StartFragment--&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;color: rgb(192, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(192, 0, 0);&quot; tag=&quot;span&quot; class=&quot;yui-tag-span yui-tag&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;color: rgb(192, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(192, 0, 0);&quot; tag=&quot;span&quot; class=&quot;yui-tag-span yui-tag&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;color: rgb(192, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(192, 0, 0);&quot; tag=&quot;span&quot; class=&quot;yui-tag-span yui-tag&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Obtenção de recurso energéticos no Século 18&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;No século 18, a maioria dos utensílios e bens de consumo eram obtidos através de uma prospecção superficial e as árvores eram uma importante fonte de energia através da queima da madeira e do suprimento desta para a construção de casas, embarcações e etc. Por esta raz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;ão&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;, que, ao final do séc. 18, as árvores na Grã Bretanha já tinham sido praticamente todas derrubadas e com isso surgiu a necessidade do uso de uma fonte de energia alternativa. Esta necessidade levou a população ao uso do carvão que, na época, existia em grande disponibilidade, naquela época a capacidade de extrair energia do carvão foi considerada uma inovação tecnológica e esta marcou o início da &lt;a class=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.msu.edu/user/brownlow/indrev.htm&quot;&gt;era industrial&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Fonte: Organização Mundial do Comercio (OMC)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

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&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;edn1&quot;&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot; href=&quot;#_ednref1&quot; name=&quot;_edn1&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[i]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt; Lovi&lt;/span&gt;ns, Amory B. Lovins,
Hunter L. and Hawken, Paul. Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial
Revolution, By. Published by Back Bay books October 2000.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;&lt;br&gt;

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&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot; href=&quot;#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[1]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a&gt; Ferro gusa e o ferro resultante da
transformação do minério de ferro no alto forno. &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot; id=&quot;ftn2&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;div&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;

&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot; id=&quot;edn1&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoEndnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;#_ednref1&quot; name=&quot;_edn1&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a&gt; &lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoEndnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[i]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a&gt; Ferro gusa é ferro oriundo da
transformação do minério de ferro.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;edn2&quot;&gt;



&lt;p class=&quot;MsoEndnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-family: yui-tmp;&quot; href=&quot;#_ednref2&quot; name=&quot;_edn2&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;[ii]&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot; lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11px;&quot;&gt;Livro Estudo Setorial da Siderurgia do
Prof. D’Abreu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;</description>
            <pubDate>Tue, 02 Aug 2011 22:42:30 +0100</pubDate>
        </item>
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